MexicanHistory.org The History of Mexico from ancient times to today

MexicanHistory.org

Mexico has a rich history, going back 20 centuries .The Pre-Columbian cities in Mexico were the most populous in the world at their time with great advancements in art and building .Prior to the Spanish,the Mayans developed superbly built city-states in the Yucatan and the city of Tectihuacan with a population of 200,000 in 600 A.D., made it the largest city in the world .Their Successors the Aztecs ruled over most of central Mexico .

Mexico a mestizo society where the native population and Spanish have blended to make the country what it is today, the native peoples still make up to 30% of the population.The country has been rocked by upheavals and the loss of almost half its territory in war, foreign invasion and revolution, yet still remains a vibrant country with a unique cultural identity which started to be called mexicanidad during the Mexican Revolution .

Time	era name	Mexico	World
50,000 BC		First evidence of Humans in Mexico
40,000 BC	Pre-agricultural era	Last Ice Age	Neanderthal man dies out
30,000
8,000 BC		Landbridge to Siberia goes underwater	Agriculture beings in Middle East
7,500 BC		Mural Art, Baja 7,000 Large animals vanish, less rainfall	Walled city of Jericho
5,000
5,000 - 2,000 1,500 BC	Archaic era	evidence of agriculture at Tehuacan Pottery appears 1300 Tlatilco figurines, Lake Texcoco	5,000 Sea divides Britain from Europe 3100 1st Egyptian Dynasty 2700 Great Pyramid built 2,500 Indus civilization 2,500 Knossos founded 2,350 Sumerian empire founded 2200 Xia Dynasty China 1850 Stonehenge started 1760 Shang Dynasty China 1,750 Hammurabi 1304 Rameses the Great
1,500	Pre-Classic era	Terracing and chinampas (floating gardens)
1400		earliest ballcourts found in Paso de la Amada
1200		Beginning of Olmec Culture
1300			1300 Rameses the great
1200			1232 Israelites in Canaan
1100			1122 Zhou Dynasty China
1000			1050 Dorians invade lower greece
900		900 San Lorenzo abanonded by Olmecs, La Venta becomes Olmec center Oldest Olmec writing found
800			814 Carthage Founded
700		700 500 Oldest Zapotec writing Height of Olmec Culture 400	776 1st Olympic Games 750s Height of Assyria 752 Rome founded
600			End of Assyrian Empire
500			563 Buddha born 551 Confucus born 559 Cyrus founds Persian Empire
400			480 Battle of Thermopylae 460 Age of Pericles
300 200		Decline of Olmecs	323 Alexander dies at Babylon		Han Dynasty
100	Classic Era	150 Cholula Pyramid started Height of Teotihuacan civilization 150 AD Pyramid of the Sun constructed 450		26 BC Roman Empire 476 AD
0
100
200			250 Mayan Classic Age 900
300
400
500		rise of Xochicalco, El Tajin, Cholula
600		650 Teotihuacan sacked rise of Zapotecs in Oaxaca			632 Death of Muhammad
700
800
900		900 Toltec Empire dominates much of central Mexico 1100			981 Vikings in Greenland
1000	Post Classic Era				1066 Hastings 1st Crusade
1100
1200			Inca Empire	Mongol Empire	1215 Magna Carta
1300		1325 Aztecs found Tenochtitlan
1400		1428 Aztec Empire 1521			1453 Fall of Constantinople Columbus
1500		1428 Aztec Empire 1521
1600

Year		Mexico	Americas	Europe	Asia
1517		Cordoba expedition		Martin Luther nails his 95 Theses
1518	C o l o n i a l M e x I c o N u e v a E s p a n a	Juan de Grijalva expedition Cortes leaves Cuba for Mexico
1521		1521, the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan was conquered
1522		Cortes was appointed governor and captain general of New Spain
1524		Council of the Indies created
1527		Audiencia est in New Spain
1531		vision of the Virgin of Guadalupe
1533		Mexico City University founded
1536		first coins minted in New Spain
1537		the New Laws outlaw indian slavery
1540		Coronado searches for Cibola
1541		Mixton War of 1540 -41
1546		Chichimeca War
1547		Mayan War against Spanish for 20 years
1560		ships travel in annual convoys for protection
1563		cathedral in Mexico City started
1564		Trade with China Established
1571		Spanish Inquisition in Mexico till 1820		Battle of Lepanto
1588				defeat of Spanish Armada
1610		Santa Fe colony founded
1619			Jamestown, Virgina founded
1624			Virginia becomes a crown colony
1642				English Civil War
1644					Qing dynasty begins
1692			Salem witch trials
1695		Sor Juana de la Cruz dies		Peter the Great in Europe
1697		last Msyan kingdom of Canek capitulates
1700		Bourbon Reforms start under Philip V of Spain		Treaty of Utrecht ends War of the Spanish Succession Britain granted asiento to supply slaves to the Spanish America
1713
1750s		paintings of Miguel Cabrera	French and Indian War till 1763
1762				Rousseau publishes Social Contract
1764		Jose de Galvez in New Spain	Stamp Act
1767		Jesuits expelled			Cook in Pacific
1769		Missions est in California
1773			Boston Tea Party
1775			American Revolution starts
1785		Castillo de Chapultepec built
1787			US Constitution signed
1789			Washington first president	French Revolution begins	English Convicts sent to Australia
1803			Louisiana Purchase
1804		Silver production rises to 27 million Pesos		Napoleon crowns himself emperor
1808				Napoleon invades Spain
1810		Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla's 1810 Grito de Dolores (call for independence)	Argentina independent
1811		Miguel Hidalgo executed by firing squad on July 31, 1811	Paraguay, Venezuela independent	War between the US and Britain
1813		Jose Marcia Morelos issues a Declaration of Independence, Constitution
1814				Napoleon exiled to Elba
1815		Morelos executed		Battle of New Orleans Waterloo
1820		coup in Spain, Colonel Iturbide joins the rebels
1821	e m p I r e	Mexican Independence from Spain, September 27, 1821 , Iturbide marched into the capital with Vicente Guerrero and Guadalupe Victoria and the army Iturbide declares himself emperor of Mexico	Peru independent
1823	E a r l y R e p u b l I c	Santa Anna Plan de Casa Mata to oust the emperor Iturbide goes into exile Central America leaves Mexico	Monore Doctrine issued
1824		Iturbide returns to Mexico and is executed 1st pres of Mexico President Guadalupe Victoria 1824 -29
1829		President Vicente Guerrero Spanish invasion of Mexico
1830		President Bustamante 1830 - 32
1833		Santa Anna pres	Carlist Wars in Spain
1835	S a n t a A n n a M e x i c a n A m W a r	Revolt of Texas
1836
1838		Pastry War, French blockade			Opium War
1840		Yucatan Congress approved a declaration of independence, rejoins Mexico in 1843 Mexican states of Coahuila, Nuevo Le�n, and Tamaulipas declare federal republic with Laredo as the capital
1842					Hong Kong given to UK
1845		Santa Anna exiled to Cuba, Texas joins the Union Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga overthrows Herrera
1846		Mayan Caste War, Santa Anna returns to Mexico May 13, 1846, Congress declared war on Mexico May 8, 1846,Battle of Palo Alto September 21�23, 1846Battle of Monterrey
1847		Feb 23 Battle of Buena Vista Sept 12 Battle of Chapultepec
1848		Feb 2 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo		Revolutions throughout Europe Gold discovered in California Communist Manifesto
1852		Santa Anna returned to power in a coup
1853		Gadsen Purchase			Taiping Rebellion Starts
1854		Plan of Ayutla to remove Santa Anna		Crimean War
1855		Santa Anna defeated and exiled, Juan Alvarez president
1857	W a r o f R e f	Constitution of 1857, modeled after the one of 1824, president can only serve one term, reforms conataining power of church and military War of the Reform starts army declares Zuloaga the new president
1861	W a r o f R e f	Liberals under Juarez win the War of the Reform, Juarez first Indian president Spain, England and France agreed to the Convention of London	American Civil War Starts
1862		Spain, England and France land troops, blockade demanding repayments of debt. England and Spain depart, French troops stay. Napoleon III wants empire French defeated at Puebla
1863	F r e n c h	French install Maximilian as emperor	Gettysburg
1867	F r e n c h	French withdraw from Mexico, Maximilian executed, Constitutional Republic restored	Cuban rebellion against Spain		Meiji era starts in Japan , great industrialization
1871		Juarez Runs for a Fourth Term despite no re election article of the Constitution of 1857, Diaz launches 'no re-election' revolt		Franco-Prussian War
1872		Mexico City - Veracruz railway finished Juarez dies in office, Lerdo becomes president
1875		Senate was added to the legislature
1876	P o r f i r i a t o	Lerdo runs for and wins presidency again, Diaz revolts again, defeats a federal army in Tlaxcala, Diaz rules in an era known as the Porfiriato 1876 - 1911
1880		Manuel Gonzalez president Banco Nacional de M�xico was founded
1884		Diaz wins pres again, has the constitution amended, first to allow two terms in office, and then to remove all restrictions on re-election

1900		growing opposition to Diaz's rule			Boxer rebellion
1890		Mexican treasury has a surplus
1898			Spanish-American War	Boer War
1908		Diaz announces he will not seek re-election, but does anyway		Ford begins assemble line production
1910		Francisco Madero runs against Diaz, who had Madero jailed . Diaz becomes pres over with fraud, public anger Madero issuses call for Revolution on November 20 Beginning of the Mexican Revolution			Japan annexes Korea
1911	M e x I c a n R e v o l u t I o n	Ciudad Juarez surrenders to the rebels Orozco and Villa Diaz resigns Modero wins election Orozco rebels against Modero Felix Diaz rebels in Veracruz			Qing Dynasty overthrown
1913		Coup starts against Modero on Feb 9 Decena Tragica in Mexico City Gen Huerta changes sides Modero arrested and murdered Huerta becomes president Coahuila Governer Carranza does not recognize Huerta Huerta greatly enlarges army
1914		Americans occupy Veracruz, hundreds killed by naval fire, widespread anger at the US Huerta resigns Carranza holds convention at Aguascalientes Eulalio Gutierrez as provisional president Divid by land reformers Zapatista and Villa and Constitutionalists Carranza and Obregon		WWI starts First Battle of the Marne
1915		Obregon takes Mexico City as Gutierrez flees Battle of Celaya Obregon defeats Villa US recognizes Carranza Villa, angry at not getting US recognition , kills 15 Americans in Mexico and attacksColumbus, New Mexico Pershing ordered into Mexico to catch Villa, leaves in 1917 emptyhanded
1917		Zimmermann Telegram Constitution of 1917, church power limited, foreigners not allowed to own land Carranza elected president		Russian Revolution
1919		Zapata assassinated by federal army Alvaro Obregon, Plutarco Callas and Adolfo de la Huerta rise in revolt Carranza assassinated by own guard while fleeing
1920		Obregon becomes president
1921		Mexico is the world's 3rd largest oil producer
1923		Villa assassinated America recognizes Mexico		Facism Starts in Italy
1924		Obregon supports the CRON union Adolfo de la Huerta leads short lived revolt Radical reformer Plutarco Callas becomes president
1926	C r I s t e r o s W a r	Cristeros War begins, gov fights church ends 1934	Lindbergh flies across Atlantic
1928		Obregon assassinated, Callas rules till 1934 through puppets Callas creates national party PNR, later known as PRI, which holds power till the 2000
1934		Cardenas president Cardenas starts major land redistribution Callas forced into exile		Hitler becomes Fuher	Mao's Long March
1936		Cardenas nationalizes foreign oil companies PeMex founded		Spanish Civil War
1939				WWII starts
1940		Comacho becomes president
1942		Mexico declares war on Axis after tankers sunk by u-boats, Mexican Air force fights in Pacific	Revolution in Argentina
1946-50		Aleman president, major dams built, University City			Korean War
1954		Women allowed to vote			Dien Bien Phu falls
1959			Castro takes over Cuba
1968		Tlatelolco massacre Mexico City Olympics			China Cultural Revolution
1970-76		Echeverr�a president nationalization of banks, population control urged	Coup in Chile
1976-82		Oil boom years Oil prices sink, economic crisis foreign debt crisis

1985		Mexico City earthquake

1988-94		Salinas president free market and private enterprise policies Zapatista uprising Drug trafficing grows Peso overvalued NAFTA signed
1994 - 2000		Zedillo president the Peso suddenly collapsed , known as the December Mistake, and led to an economic recesssion
2000-2006		Vicente Fox first non PRI president