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Pre-Columbian Mexico |
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The oldest accepted human remains found in Mexico are dated at roughly 13,000 - 12,000 years old . |
One of the first civilizations to emerge in Mexico |
100 B.C. - 550 A.D Little is known about the builders of the massive Pyramid of the Sun. Reached its height between 150 and 450 AD and controlled an area from northern Mexico to Guatemala. When Teotihuacan collapsed, three cities in central Mexico remained, Cholula, Xochicalco and El Tajijn. |
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El Tajin had much influence on the Gulf coast. Reached its peak 600-900AD. |
A holy city with the largest pyramid in the world. Most of its notable architecture built between about 700 and 1000 AD |
Unlike Teotihuacan, it was fortified with moats and parapets. Most standing structures built 700-900 AD. |
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900-1100AD When Teotihuacan was powerful, it acted as a buffer between the cultures of the Valley of Mexico and the nomadic peoples to the north . With its downfall, nomadic warriors entered the area from the north,such as the Toltecs. Toltecs found Tula in 968 AD, the most important city in Mexico between the fall of Teotihuacan and the rise of the Aztec The Zapotecs dominated the area around Oaxaca with their city of Monte Alban for centuries. |
(c. 2000 BC – 250 AD) Preclassic period (c. 250–900 AD) Classic period (c. 950–1539 AD) Postclassic period (1511–1697 AD) Spanish conquest
The Mayans were famous for with their amazing art, architecture, glyphsh writing system and astronomical knowledge . By the close of the Pre-Classic period, around 250 A.D., the Mayans were already building their famous stepped temple pyramids in cities such as Uxactum and Tikal. By the early 900s ,many of the major cities were abandoned . When the Spanish arrived they found only the impoverished descendants of the glory that was Mayan civilization . Yet the Mayans were able to fight off the Spanish for over a hundred years. The last independent Maya kingdom of Tayasal, fell as late as 1697. |
1428 - 1521 Aztec Empire With the collapse of Tula in the 12th century, the primitive Chichimecs groups again poured into the Valley of Mexico from the north. One of these were the Aztecs,who would start to control central Mexico in the 1400s. Collectively, certain Nahuatl speaking people migrated to the Central Mexican valley in 13th A.D. from the north and the Spanish invasion are commonly referred to as the Aztecs. The Aztec empire was ruled by a political body called the Triple Alliance, made up of the Acolhua people of Texcoco, the Mexica in Tenochtitlán, and the Tepaneca people of Tlacopan. . In 1428 a Triple Alliance was established between Texcoco, Tlacopan and Tenochtitlán becoming the foundation of the Aztec Empire . Tenochtitlan quickly became dominant and ruled the Alliance by the time of the Spanish arrival . The word ' Aztec ' is derived from Nahuatl meaning ' people from Aztlan .' |
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Cortes and the Spanish Conquest 1517-1521 |
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Colonial Mexico 1519 - 1821 |
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Converting the Indians The Encomiendas Gov in New Spain Mixton War of 1540 -41 Virgin of Guadalupe The Inquisition in Mexico Cultural Life in New Spain The Social Classes Economy of New Spain Colonial Architecture Bourbon Reforms Mexican Colonial Coins |
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Mexican War of Independence First Mexican Empire Early Republic |
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Napoleon's conquest of Spain spurs calls for independence Miguel Hidalgo and his Grito de Dolores ("Cry of Dolores") |
General Agustín de Iturbide declares himself emperor. Leader of the antimonarchists Antonio Lopes de Santa Anna restores Republic. |
Centralist and Federalists vie for power Constitution of 1824 Pres.Victoria,Guerrero & Bustamante 1829 Spanish invasion |
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Santa Anna Mexican American War |
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Public was roused against Bustamante for execution of Guerrero and repression. Santa Anna elected pres. Rescinds reforms and becomes centralist,states lose power. Constitution of 1836 His corruption and extravagance. Rebellions against rule. |
Anglo-Americans allowed to settle Texas.
Reasons for Texas Rebellion.
Santa Anna captured at Battle of San Jacinto Santa Anna deposed Treaty of Velasco 1838 Pastry War with France. Santa Anna leads army to drive out the French, becomes pres. again |
American plans for Manifest Destiny,dispute over Texas. Reasons for Mexican defeat. Loss of half of Mexico
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Revolution of Ayutla French Intervention Restored Republic |
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Santa Anna sells Gadsen Purchase in 1853. Revolution of Ayutla to oust Santa Anna,restore federal rule. Constitution of 1857 Reforms to curb power of military and church. Brutal War of the Reform 1857-61 Juarez becomes pres, country bankrupt, huge foreign debts |
English,Spanish and French troops land to collect debt. Napoleon III uses this as pretext to invasion,Spanish, English depart. French defeat at Puebla Maximilian becomes the Emperor of Mexico Emperor issues the Black Decree American Support for Juarez -Confederate Offer Execution of the Emperor |
Juarez elected pres. 1867
Educational,political,economic and church reforms.
Rurales established to stop banditry
Mexico City-Veracruz railway
Juarez dies 1876, Gen.Diaz, hero of the French invasion, seizes power |
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Diaz and the Porfiriato Mexican Revolution Obergon, Callas and the The Cristero War |
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Foreign investment encouraged through stability, low wages and low taxes Farmers and Indians cheated of lands,put into debt peonage-no education
Railways,industry make great advances |
Diaz. Madero becomes pres., Coup by Gen.Huerta. Huerta resigns, Carranza becomes pres. Carranza's Gen.Obregon defeats Villa. Constitution of 1917 Zapata and Villa assassinated Obregon overthrows Carranza |
1921 Mexico was the worlds third largest producer of oil
Jose Vasconcelos as secretary of education
Diego Rivera murals
Obregon assassinated by Cristeno
Pres.Callas the Maximato |
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Cardenas and Nationalization Camacho & World War II 1947 - 2016 Post war Mexico |
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Callas and his supporters exiled 49,000,000 acres redistributed Nationalization of the Oil Companies |
Gov bank established to help industry
Each one teach one
Mexican tankers were torpedoed by German submarines Mexico declares war on Axis
Squadron 201 of the Mexican air force fights in Pacific theater |
Postwar Mexico prosperous
1951 Mexican segment of the Pan-American Highway finished
1952 Women were allowed to vote
1968 Tlatelolco massacre and Olympics
Maquiladoras started late 60s 70-80s massive Peso devaluation, Huge debt IMF bailout 90s decline of Colombian drug cartels leads to rise of Mexican drug cartels,which now control 70% of the illegal drug flow into the U.S. 2006 Pres.Calderon intensifies war on cartels. |
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Mexican History Maps Map of Mexican archeological sites
Mexican History Time Lines |
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Mexican History News Mexican Food Can Be Traced All The Way Back To 7000 BC
What was the Deadly Cocoliztli Disease that Decimated Aztec Society? How a flower from Mexico became a symbol of Christmas Last pocket of tropical rain forest in North America under threat Lidar helps uncover an ancient, kilometer-long Mayan structure London show sheds light on Aztec Emperor Mexico Quick Facts 2020 Population: 129,150,971 ( 2022 est, CIA Fact book ) 11th largest in the world GDP 2.46 Trillion ( 2022 est CIA Fact book ) 11th largest economy 11th Largest oil producer Mexico has a rich history, going back 20 centuries .The Pre-Columbian cities in Mexico were the most populous in the world at their time with great advancements in art and building . Prior to the Spanish,the Mayans developed superbly built city-states in the Yucatan and the city of Tectihuacan with a population of 200,000 in 600 A.D., made it the largest city in the world .Their Successors the Aztecs ruled over most of central Mexico . |
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Need a citation from this website ? Click here . © Thomas Zimmerman 2008 |
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